Key West is celebrated for its sandy beaches and lively energy, but it’s also a destination rich in history. For those eager to uncover the past, the island offers a fascinating glimpse into its military significance. Among its most enduring landmarks are the Key West forts, which played crucial roles in shaping the region’s history and protecting its shores during pivotal conflicts.
These forts tell the story of Key West’s strategic importance and invite visitors to explore their preserved structures, engage with historical exhibits and take part in unique activities that bring the past to life. These Key West forts provide an enriching experience that deepens your understanding of the island’s role in America’s defense and growth.
Fort Zachary Taylor Historic State Park
History and Facts
Fort Zachary Taylor was constructed between 1845 and 1866 as part of a trio of fortifications designed to defend the southeastern U.S. coastline. Named after President Zachary Taylor, the fort was built to protect the vital shipping lanes of the Gulf of Mexico and the Straits of Florida. Its construction required immense effort, with thousands of bricks shipped from New England and the use of cutting-edge engineering techniques for the time.
During the Civil War, Fort Zachary Taylor remained under Union control and served as a blockade point, effectively cutting off Confederate supply lines through the Gulf. Later, during the Spanish-American War, the fort’s strategic location once again made it a critical asset. It was modernized over time, and additional batteries were added to adapt to evolving military needs.
Today, Fort Zachary Taylor is a designated National Historic Landmark and home to the largest collection of Civil War-era cannons in the country. Situated at the end of Southard Street on Truman Annex, this site is not just a relic of history — it’s a thriving state park that blends historical significance with recreational opportunities.
Things To Do at Fort Zachary Taylor
Guided Tours
Explore the fort’s extensive history on one of its daily guided tours. These walks provide an in-depth look at the lives of soldiers who once called the fort home, as well as the military strategies that made it such a valuable asset during wartime. Guides share stories of life within the fort, from daily routines to the challenges faced during key battles.
Civil War Days Reenactments
If you visit during select times of the year, you can experience the fort’s living history events. The annual Civil War Days feature reenactments with participants dressed in authentic uniforms demonstrating everything from cannon firings to military drills. These events provide a hands-on way to connect with history and learn about the fort’s role in shaping the nation.
Relax on the Beach
Fort Zachary Taylor is also home to one of Key West’s most peaceful beaches. This hidden treasure offers soft sand, crystal-clear waters and excellent snorkeling opportunities. Visitors can see marine life up close, including tropical fish and coral reefs, making it a must-do activity for nature lovers.
Bicycling
The park’s bike-friendly pathways allow for leisure exploration of its scenic surroundings. Cycling is a great way to take in the natural beauty of the area while staying active. Bikes can be brought in or rented nearby, making this an accessible option for all visitors.
Historical Exploration
History enthusiasts will find plenty to discover within the fort’s well-preserved walls. Walk through its original fortifications, view the massive Civil War-era cannons and explore exhibits detailing the fort’s history. Informative plaques and displays add context, helping visitors understand the fort’s significance in the broader history of Key West and the United States.
Events and Special Programs
Throughout the year, Fort Zachary Taylor Historic State Park hosts various events that highlight its military past. From educational programs to themed celebrations, these activities offer visitors additional opportunities to engage with history in a meaningful way.
Fort East Martello Museum
History and Facts
Fort East Martello, built in 1862 during the Civil War, is one of the most well-preserved Key West forts, though it never saw battle. Originally designed to protect the island from potential Confederate attacks, the fort was part of a series of coastal defenses meant to secure shipping routes in the Gulf of Mexico. However, the fort was never fully completed or used in military action due to changing wartime needs and logistical challenges.
Despite its lack of combat history, Fort East Martello has become a significant cultural and historical site in Key West. Restored by the Key West Art & Historical Society in 1950, it now houses a museum that preserves stories of the island’s past. Visitors can explore exhibits highlighting the wrecking and cigar-making industries that fueled Key West’s economy in the 19th century, as well as its military contributions during the Civil War. Folk art by renowned Key West artist Mario Sanchez and intricate sculptures by Stanley Papio add an artistic dimension to the fort’s historical narrative.
Things To Do at Fort East Martello Museum
Explore Historical Exhibits
Step into the past as you browse displays of Civil War relics, tools used in the cigar-making industry, and artifacts from Key West’s wrecking era. These exhibits help paint a vivid picture of the industries that shaped the island.
Climb the Tower for Coastal Views
Scale the East Martello Tower for sweeping views of the Key West coastline. This vantage point offers an unparalleled look at the island and is a favorite spot for photographers.
Appreciate Local Art
The museum also showcases art installations by local artists, blending the island’s cultural heritage with modern artistic expression. These exhibits rotate regularly, so each visit offers something new.
Visit Robert the Doll
One of the most famous and unsettling exhibits at the East Martello Museum is Robert the Doll, a child-sized doll with a chilling gaze that seems to follow visitors as they move. This doll is rumored to be haunted and has a long history of bizarre occurrences linked to it. For years, visitors and staff have reported feeling uneasy around the doll, with some claiming it has changed facial expressions or even moved slightly when no one was looking.
Fort Jefferson at Dry Tortugas National Park
History and Facts
Fort Jefferson, located in Dry Tortugas National Park, is one of the most impressive near-Key West forts and a marvel of 19th-century military architecture. Built with more than 16 million bricks, it stands as the largest masonry coastal fort in the United States. Its remote location on Garden Key, one of seven islands that make up the Dry Tortugas, was strategic for protecting valuable shipping routes in the Gulf of Mexico. However, like Fort East Martello, Fort Jefferson never engaged in combat despite its imposing structure.
The fort’s history includes its use as a prison during the Civil War, most famously for Dr. Samuel Mudd, who was convicted of conspiracy in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Mudd, along with other prisoners, endured harsh conditions while imprisoned at the fort. Today, visitors can walk the fort’s expansive halls, climb its walls and reflect on its storied past while enjoying breathtaking ocean views.
Dry Tortugas National Park itself is renowned for its natural beauty. Named “Las Tortugas” by Spanish explorer Ponce de León in 1513 due to the abundance of sea turtles, the park is a haven for marine life and seabirds. Although sea turtle populations have declined due to hunting and habitat loss, conservation efforts help protect these majestic creatures today.
Things To Do at Dry Tortugas National Park
Seaplane or Ferry Ride
Reaching the Dry Tortugas is an adventure in itself. Visitors can take a seaplane or board the Yankee Freedom, the official ferry to the islands, and enjoy panoramic views of turquoise waters and coral reefs along the way.
Explore Fort Jefferson
Wander through Fort Jefferson’s vast corridors, listen to guided tours and climb the fort’s walls for a panoramic view of the islands and the Gulf of Mexico. The fort’s size and craftsmanship leave many visitors in awe.
Snorkeling and Swimming
The waters surrounding the park are crystal-clear and teeming with marine life. Visitors can snorkel along coral reefs to spot vibrant fish and experience the underwater beauty that makes this area a prime destination for ocean lovers.
Bird-Watching
The Dry Tortugas is home to numerous bird species, especially during migration seasons. Visitors can spot frigate birds, sooty terns, and brown pelicans, making it an excellent location for bird watchers. Bring binoculars to get a closer look at these beautiful creatures.
Fort West Martello
History and Facts
Fort West Martello, one of the three historic Key West forts, stands as a testament to both the island’s military history and its commitment to preservation. Construction began in 1862 during the Civil War, with the fort designed as part of the Martello tower system — an architectural innovation of its time. These towers featured thick, rounded walls capable of withstanding bombardments, with cannons strategically placed to defend against potential attacks.
Despite its potential, Fort West Martello was never completed, as resources were diverted to other projects, such as Fort Taylor. By 1866, the fort was abandoned, though it briefly served other purposes in later years, including as a training site during World War II. The site was nearly demolished in the 1950s, but the Key West Garden Club intervened, preserving the fort and transforming it into the beautiful space it is today.
Now, Fort West Martello is a vibrant community hub, hosting events, educational programs, and even weddings. Its unique blend of historical significance, natural beauty and cultural activities makes it a must-visit for anyone exploring Key West forts.
Things To Do at Fort West Martello
Explore Art and Artifacts
Inside the fort, exhibits curated by the Key West Art & Historical Society offer a glimpse into the island’s past. Visitors can explore artifacts from the 19th century alongside contemporary art pieces that celebrate the area’s creative spirit.
Enjoy the Lush Gardens
The gardens surrounding the fort are a masterpiece of landscaping, featuring native plants, vibrant flowers and peaceful pathways. Maintained by the Key West Garden Club, these gardens provide a tranquil retreat for visitors to relax and enjoy the beauty of Key West.
Attend Special Events
From historical reenactments to seasonal celebrations, Fort West Martello regularly hosts events that connect visitors to its storied past and vibrant community life.
Participate in Educational Programs
Learn more about the history of Key West forts through guided tours, lectures, and workshops. These programs offer deeper insight into the strategic and cultural importance of the fort and its counterparts.
Conclusion
Key West forts are more than just relics of the past — they are gateways to understanding the island’s rich history, culture, and natural beauty. From the tranquil gardens of Fort West Martello to the haunting stories of Fort East Martello and the grandeur of Fort Jefferson in Dry Tortugas National Park, each site offers a unique glimpse into the past. Together, they paint a vivid picture of Key West’s strategic importance during wartime and its evolution into a vibrant cultural destination. No matter which of the Key West forts you explore, you’ll leave with a deeper appreciation for Key West’s unique blend of heritage and charm.
FAQs
What is the biggest fort in Florida?
The largest fort in Florida is Fort Jefferson, located in Dry Tortugas National Park. Constructed in the 19th century, this massive coastal fort is made of over 16 million bricks, making it the largest masonry structure in the United States. Fort Jefferson was designed to protect vital shipping routes in the Gulf of Mexico but was never fully completed. Today, it stands as a historic site surrounded by pristine waters and coral reefs, drawing visitors who want to explore its history and the surrounding natural beauty.
Are there guided tours available for the historic forts?
Yes, many of the historic forts in Florida offer guided tours to help visitors learn about their history and significance. At Fort Jefferson, visitors can join ranger-led tours that delve into its role during the Civil War and its use as a prison. Similarly, Fort East Martello provides guided experiences where you can explore exhibits on Key West’s industries, Civil War relics and the legend of Robert the Doll. These tours are an excellent way to gain a deeper understanding of these important landmarks.
What is the brick fort in the Florida Keys?
The old fort off the coast of Key West is Fort Jefferson, situated approximately 70 miles west of the island in Dry Tortugas National Park. It is one of the most iconic Key West forts. Its impressive construction with millions of bricks has made it a standout feature of the region. Built during the 1800s, the fort played a role in safeguarding the Gulf of Mexico’s shipping routes and now serves as a fascinating historical site. Visitors can wander its massive grounds, enjoy guided tours and learn about its unique place in Florida’s history.